Local area networks, generally called LANs, are privately owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometers in size. They are widely used to connect personal computers and workstations in company offices and factories to share resources e.g printers and exchange information. LANs are distinguished from other kinds of networks [...]
There is no generally accepted taxonomy into which all computer networks fit. That means there no common science for all types of computer networks. But there are two dimensions are common and stand out as important in computer networking. They are Transmission technology Scale Transmission Technology: Networks are classified on the basis of what technology, [...]
There are many organizations have a substantial number of computers in operation which are often located far apart. For example, a company with many factories may have computers at each location to keep track of inventories, monitor productivity and for doing local payroll. Initially these computers may have worked in isolation from other computers, but [...]
Network computer users generally prefers to use domain names instead of IP addresses. However, computers use 32-bit IP addresses to communicate with other computers. To ensure successful internetwork communication between the programs and users, we need a fast and reliable method of translating between host names to IP addresses and vice versa. For this reason, [...]
We need to use Internet addresses while writing Internet programs.Internet programs will ask the user to enter Internet addresses in many cases. Pople can remember names easily rather than address. Network designers developed Internets Domain Name System to make user’s job easy. The Domain Name System lets Internet users refer to host computer name such [...]
A TCP segment consists of a TCP header, TCP options and the data that the segment transports. Following table represents a TCP header and it’s fields. The fields of TCP header are source port and destination port of a application, 32 bit sequence number, 32 bit acknowledgement number, TCP header length, 6 reserved bits, 6 [...]
Transport layer is the heart of the whole protocol hierarchy. Applications will exchange data with TCP/IP transport layer to communicate with Internet. The task of the transport layer is to provide cost effective and reliable data transport from source computer to destination computer, independent of physical network used. Transport layer consists of Transport Control Protocol [...]
TCP/IP protocol suite consists of Internet protocol which is used for data delivery over network. Remaining protocols TCP, UDP and ICMP in the TCP/IP protocol suite uses the Internet protocol to deliver the data from one host to another host. This associates with the network layer of OSI reference model. The network layer is heart [...]
Protocol stack can be defined as any combination of network layers and their associated protocols. An ISO/OSI network model divides network into layers. Each layer performs specific function. OSI model associates protocols that define the layer’s functionality with each layer. OSI model stacks protocols on top of each other. So it is protocol stack. TCP/IP [...]
Model which is used to design software for network use is called client server model. A network connection is required between two computers or programs that talk to each other. Network application will be divided into client side and server side in this model. The client side requires information or services and server side responds [...]
