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The first layer in the open systems interconnection model is called physical layer. This layer consists of the basic hardware transmission technologies of a network. The physical layer is concerned with transmitting raw bits over a communication channel. The design issues have to do with making sure that when one side sends a 1 bit, it [...]
Open Systems Interconnection-OSI reference model is a reference model which is based on a proposal developed by the international standards organization-ISO. This was the first step for international standardization of the protocols which are used in the various layers of computer network. This model is called as ISO OSI reference model. This name was kept [...]
Network layers can offer two different types of service to the layers above them. They are connection oriented and connectionless. Connection oriented service is modeled after the telephone system. To talk to someone, we pick up the phone, dial the number, talk, and then we hang up. Similarly, to use a connection oriented network service, [...]
The function of each layer in computer networking architecture is to provide services to the layer above it. The active elements in each layer are often called entities. An entity can be a software entity (such as a process), or a hardware entity (such as an intelligent I/O chip). Entries in the same layer on [...]
Every layer needs a mechanism for identifying senders and receivers. Since a network normally has many computers, some of which have multiple processes, a means is needed for a process on one machine to specify with whom it wants to talk. As a consequences of having multiple destinations, some form of addressing is needed in [...]
To reduce the networking and it’s design complexity most of the networks are organized into series of layered structure. At each important stage of transferring data from one machine to another machine in computer networking there is a layered concept. This layered structure is just to fulfill the successful completion of the sending and receiving [...]
Internetworking is the process of connecting a computer network with many other networks using special machines called gateways or routers. This type of network provides a common method of routing packets between the different networks. The entire system of interconnected networks is called an internetwork or internet. Internetworking is the art & science of connecting [...]
Wireless networking is also any type of computer network which will work without the help of physical wires and cables. It is one type of method which will be used by telecommunication networks and companies to avoid costly processs of cables. This type of network is also used to connect various locations. Wireless networks are [...]
WAN – Wide Area Network spans a large geographical area, often a country or continent. It contains a collection of machines intended for running user programs or applications. The hosts are connected by a communication subnet. The job of the subnet is to carry message from host to host, just as the telephone system carries [...]
A Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) is a large computer network that spans a metropolitan area or a campus. Its geographic scope falls between a WAN and LAN. MANs provide Internet connectivity for LANs in a metropolitan region, and connect them to wider area networks like the Internet A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a bigger [...]
